At the meeting of cardinals called by the pope for the day before the public consistory of November 24th, at which 23 new cardinals were created, the topic of discussion chosen by His Holiness was ecumenism, particularly in light of the recent statement of the joint Catholic-Orthodox theological commission, which deliberated in Ravenna (Oct. 8th - 14th) on collegiality and authority in the Church.According to a press communique of the Vatican:
L’incontro di preghiera e di riflessione del S. Padre con i Cardinali si è aperto questa mattina alle 9.30 con la recita dell’Ora Terza.
Dopo il saluto del Cardinale Decano Angelo Sodano, ha preso la parola il Santo Padre che ha brevemente introdotto il tema della giornata da lui scelto, cioè il dialogo ecumenico alla luce della preghiera e del mandato del Signore: Ut unum sint.
Il Papa ha anche rivolto un particolare augurio al Cardinale Decano in occasione del suo 80° genetliaco ringraziandolo per il suo fedele servizio.
Nella relazione introduttiva il Card. Walter Kasper, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio per l’unione dei cristiani, ha tracciato a grandi linee il quadro attuale del dialogo e dei rapporti ecumenici, distinguendo tre ambiti principali:
1. I rapporti con le antiche Chiese orientali e le Chiese ortodosse.
2. I rapporti con le Comunità ecclesiali nate dalla Riforma del XVI secolo
3. I rapporti con i movimenti carismatici e pentecostali sviluppatisi soprattutto nel secolo scorso.
La relazione ha presentato i risultati conseguiti in ognuno di questi campi, descrivendo il cammino compiuto finora ed i problemi aperti.
Nel successivo dibattito, si è avuto un ampio scambio di esperienze e di opinioni, che ha rispecchiato la varietà delle situazioni. Sono intervenuti 17 cardinali e sono stati toccati problemi diversi tra cui l’impegno ecumenico comune dei cristiani nel campo sociale e caritativo e nel difendere i valori morali nelle trasformazioni delle società moderne.
In particolare la dottrina sociale della Chiesa e la sua attuazione sono state indicate come uno dei campi più promettenti per l’ecumenismo. Si è parlato dell’impegno di proseguire la "purificazione della memoria" e di usare forme di comunicazione attente a non ferire la sensibilità degli altri cristiani.
Si è suggerito un approfondimento delle possibilità degli sviluppi ecumenici.
Sono stati evocati eventi recenti molto significativi come la Assemblea ecumenica di Sibiu, l’incontro ecumenico ed interreligioso di Napoli, il viaggio del Patriarca di Mosca Alessio II a Parigi, i grandi raduni ecumenici dei movimenti ecclesiali a Stoccarda.
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L’incontro di preghiera e riflessione del Santo Padre con i Cardinali è proseguito nel pomeriggio alle 17 con la recita del Vespro e poi con nuovi interventi dei porporati. In totale si sono avuti 16 interventi.
Sul tema dell’ecumenismo sono stati toccati ancora argomenti quali la collaborazione fra i cristiani di diverse confessioni per la difesa della famiglia nella società e negli ordinamenti giuridici, e anche l’importanza dell’ecumenismo spirituale e dei rapporti personali con i fedeli e le autorità delle altre confessioni cristiane.
Alcuni interventi si sono occupati delle relazioni con gli ebrei e con l’Islam. Si è parlato del segno incoraggiante rappresentato dalla lettera delle 138 personalità musulmane e della visita del Re dell’Arabia Saudita al Santo Padre.
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Dopo una breve risposta del Card. Walter Kasper su alcuni punti particolari, ha preso la parola il Santo Padre per un intervento riassuntivo conclusivo, in cui ha anche ringraziato i porporati per la loro partecipazione e il loro contributo, e ha annunciato la prossima pubblicazione della sua nuova enciclica dedicata alla speranza, in risposta alle attese più profonde dei nostri contemporanei.
There follow some very interesting excerpts from the Ravenna statement mentioned above concerning authority in the universal Church:
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13. Authority in the Church belongs to Jesus Christ himself, the one Head of the Church (cfr. Eph 1, 22; 5, 23). By his Holy Spirit, the Church as his Body shares in his authority (cfr. Jn 20, 22-23). Authority in the Church has as its goal the gathering of the whole of humankind into Jesus Christ (cfr. Eph 1,10; Jn 11, 52). The authority linked with the grace received in ordination is not the private possession of those who receive it nor something delegated from the community; rather, it is a gift of the Holy Spirit destined for the service (diakonia) of the community and never exercised outside of it. Its exercise includes the participation of the whole community, the bishop being in the Church and the Church in the bishop (cfr. St Cyprian, Ep. 66, 8).
14. The exercise of authority accomplished in the Church, in the name of Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit, must be, in all its forms and at all levels, a service (diakonia ) of love, as was that of Christ (cfr. Mk 10, 45; Jn 13, 1-16). The authority of which we are speaking, since it expresses divine authority, cannot subsist in the Church except in the love between the one who exercises it and those subject to it. It is, therefore, an authority without domination, without physical or moral coercion. ...
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32. Each local Church is in communion not only with neighbouring Churches, but with the totality of the local Churches, with those now present in the world, those which have been since the beginning, and those which will be in the future, and with the Church already in glory. According to the will of Christ, the Church is one and indivisible, the same always and in every place. Both sides confess, in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, that the Church is one and catholic. Its catholicity embraces not only the diversity of human communities but also their fundamental unity.
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35. In the course of history, when serious problems arose affecting the universal communion and concord between Churches -- in regard either to the authentic interpretation of the faith, or to ministries and their relationship to the whole Church, or to the common discipline which fidelity to the Gospel requires -- recourse was made to Ecumenical Councils. These Councils were ecumenical not just because they assembled together bishops from all regions and particularly those of the five major sees, Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, according to the ancient order (taxis). It was also because their solemn doctrinal decisions and their common faith formulations, especially on crucial points, are binding for all the Churches and all the faithful, for all times and all places. This is why the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils remain normative.
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39. Unlike diocesan and regional synods, an ecumenical council is not an "institution" whose frequency can be regulated by canons; it is rather an "event", a kairos inspired by the Holy Spirit who guides the Church so as to engender within it the institutions which it needs and which respond to its nature. This harmony between the Church and the councils is so profound that, even after the break between East and West which rendered impossible the holding of ecumenical councils in the strict sense of the term, both Churches continued to hold councils whenever serious crises arose. These councils gathered together the bishops of local Churches in communion with the See of Rome or, although understood in a different way, with the See of Constantinople, respectively. In the Roman Catholic Church, some of these councils held in the West were regarded as ecumenical. This situation, which obliged both sides of Christendom to convoke councils proper to each of them, favoured dissentions which contributed to mutual estrangement. The means which will allow the re-establishment of ecumenical consensus must be sought out.
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41. Both sides agree that this canonical taxis was recognised by all in the era of the undivided Church. Further, they agree that Rome, as the Church that "presides in love" according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium.
42. Conciliarity at the universal level, exercised in the ecumenical councils, implies an active role of the bishop of Rome, as protos of the bishops of the major sees, in the consensus of the assembled bishops. Although the bishop of Rome did not convene the ecumenical councils of the early centuries and never personally presided over them, he nevertheless was closely involved in the process of decision-making by the councils.
43. Primacy and conciliarity are mutually interdependent. That is why primacy at the different levels of the life of the Church, local, regional and universal, must always be considered in the context of conciliarity, and conciliarity likewise in the context of primacy.
Concerning primacy at the different levels, we wish to affirm the following points:
1 Primacy at all levels is a practice firmly grounded in the canonical tradition of the Church.
2 While the fact of primacy at the universal level is accepted by both East and West, there are differences of understanding with regard to the manner in which it is to be exercised, and also with regard to its scriptural and theological foundations.
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45. It remains for the question of the role of the bishop of Rome in the communion of all the Churches to be studied in greater depth. What is the specific function of the bishop of the "first see" in an ecclesiology of koinônia and in view of what we have said on conciliarity and authority in the present text? How should the teaching of the first and second Vatican councils on the universal primacy be understood and lived in the light of the ecclesial practice of the first millennium? These are crucial questions for our dialogue and for our hopes of restoring full communion between us.
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